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Question 1:

What is the primary advantage of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) over Sanger sequencing?

A) Higher accuracy
B) Lower cost per base
C) Longer read lengths
D) Simpler workflow

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Explanation: The correct answer is B) Lower cost per base. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) offers a significant advantage over Sanger sequencing in terms of cost per base. NGS technologies enable massively parallel sequencing of DNA fragments, allowing for the simultaneous sequencing of thousands to millions of DNA fragments in a single run. This high-throughput nature of NGS results in a lower cost per base compared to Sanger sequencing, which is limited to sequencing individual fragments sequentially.

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Question 2:

What is the term used to describe the first step in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), where millions of DNA fragments are generated?

A) Amplification
B) Fragmentation
C) Sequencing
D) Indexing

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Explanation: The correct answer is B) Fragmentation. The first step in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) involves fragmenting the DNA sample into millions of smaller fragments. This fragmentation can be achieved through various methods, such as enzymatic digestion or mechanical shearing. The purpose of fragmentation is to generate a diverse library of DNA fragments that can be individually sequenced in parallel during the subsequent steps of NGS.

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Question 3:

What is the term used to describe the process of aligning and assembling short DNA sequences into a complete genome?

A) Annotation
B) Denaturation
C) De novo assembly
D) Hybridization

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Explanation: The correct answer is C) De novo assembly. De novo assembly is the process of aligning and assembling short DNA sequences obtained from Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) into a complete genome or transcriptome without the need for a reference sequence. This process involves identifying overlapping regions in the short sequences and reconstructing the original DNA sequence. De novo assembly is commonly used when sequencing novel genomes or when a reference genome is not available.

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Question 4:

What is the term used to describe the approach in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) that focuses on specific regions of the genome?

A) Shotgun sequencing
B) Whole genome sequencing
C) Targeted sequencing
D) Metagenomics

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Explanation: The correct answer is C) Targeted sequencing. Targeted sequencing is an approach in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) that focuses on specific regions of the genome for sequencing. Instead of sequencing the entire genome, targeted sequencing selectively captures and sequences specific regions of interest. This approach is often used when studying known variants, disease-associated regions, or genes of interest, allowing for a more cost-effective and efficient sequencing process.

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Question 5:

What is the term used to describe the process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA sequence during Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)?

A) Ligation
B) Amplification
C) Sequencing
D) Hybridization

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Explanation: The correct answer is C) Sequencing. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) involves the process of sequencing, where the order of nucleotides in a DNA sequence is determined. During NGS, individual DNA fragments are sequenced in parallel using various methods, such as DNA polymerase-mediated incorporation of fluorescently labeled nucleotides or sequencing by synthesis. The resulting sequence data is then analyzed to reconstruct the original DNA sequence.