Question 1:
What does radiative forcing measure in the context of climate change?
Explanation: The correct answer is D) The change in energy balance in the Earth-atmosphere system. Radiative forcing measures the change in energy balance in the Earth-atmosphere system caused by external factors such as greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosols, and solar radiation. Positive radiative forcing leads to a net energy gain and can contribute to global warming, while negative radiative forcing leads to a net energy loss and can contribute to cooling.
Question 2:
Which of the following factors can contribute to positive radiative forcing?
Explanation: The correct answer is A) Increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide contribute to positive radiative forcing. These gases trap more heat in the atmosphere, leading to an imbalance in the energy budget and warming of the Earth's surface.
Question 3:
Which of the following factors can contribute to negative radiative forcing?
Explanation: The correct answer is C) Reduced solar radiation. Factors such as increased aerosol concentrations, volcanic eruptions, and orbital variations can reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, leading to negative radiative forcing. This can result in a net energy loss and cooling of the Earth's surface.
Question 4:
Which of the following has the highest positive radiative forcing among greenhouse gases?
Explanation: The correct answer is A) Carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide has the highest positive radiative forcing among greenhouse gases. It is responsible for the majority of anthropogenic (human-caused) global warming due to its long atmospheric lifetime and high concentrations resulting from activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
Question 5:
Which of the following factors contributes to a negative radiative forcing?
Explanation: The correct answer is C) Increased aerosol concentrations. Increased concentrations of aerosols, such as sulfate particles from industrial activities or volcanic eruptions, can contribute to negative radiative forcing. Aerosols scatter and absorb solar radiation, reducing the amount of energy reaching the Earth's surface and resulting in a cooling effect.
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