Question 1:

Which of the following refers to the gradual and predictable process of community development and change over time?

Explanation: The gradual and predictable process of community development and change over time is known as ecological succession. It involves the colonization of species in a previously uninhabited area or the replacement of one community by another. Therefore, option B is correct.

Question 2:

Which of the following types of succession occurs in an area where an existing community has been disturbed but the soil remains intact?

Explanation: Secondary succession occurs in an area where an existing community has been disturbed but the soil remains intact. It involves the recolonization of species after events such as fires, hurricanes, or human activities. Therefore, option B is correct.

Question 3:

Which of the following organisms are typically the first to colonize a newly formed or disturbed habitat?

Explanation: Pioneer species are typically the first organisms to colonize a newly formed or disturbed habitat. They are well-adapted to harsh conditions and can thrive in areas with limited resources. Their presence paves the way for the establishment of other species during succession. Therefore, option D is correct.

Question 4:

Which of the following is an example of a natural ecological disturbance?

Explanation: A forest fire is an example of a natural ecological disturbance. It is a natural process that can play a crucial role in ecosystem dynamics, including the renewal of certain plant species and the release of nutrients. Therefore, option C is correct.

Question 5:

Which of the following is an example of a climax community?

Explanation: A mature, stable forest with diverse plant and animal species is an example of a climax community. It represents the final stage of ecological succession in a particular area and has reached a state of relative equilibrium. Therefore, option C is correct.