Question 1:

Which of the following is an example of a valid argument in formal logic?

Explanation: The valid argument is option B. It follows the logical form of a valid argument in formal logic called Modus Ponens, where the premises establish a conditional statement and its antecedent, and the conclusion asserts the consequent.

Question 2:

Which of the following represents a valid proposition in propositional logic?

Explanation: The valid proposition is option D. It represents the negation (NOT) of proposition p, which is a valid proposition in propositional logic.

Question 3:

Which of the following logical connectives represents the exclusive disjunction?

Explanation: The logical connective that represents the exclusive disjunction (XOR) is option C, denoted as ⊕.

Question 4:

Which of the following is the contrapositive of the statement "If it rains, then the ground gets wet"?

Explanation: The contrapositive of the statement is option D. It switches the positions of the antecedent and consequent, and negates both.

Question 5:

Which of the following is the Law of Excluded Middle in propositional logic?

Explanation: The Law of Excluded Middle states that every proposition is either true or false. It is represented by option D, p ∨ ¬p.